End of arm tooling (EoAT) refers to the devices attached to the end of a robotic arm that allow it to interact with objects and perform specific tasks. These tools range from simple grippers to advanced multi-functional systems equipped with sensors and vision technology.
The types of EoAT include:
- Grippers. The most common type of EoAT, grippers are used to pick up, hold and manipulate objects. They come in various designs, including mechanical, vacuum and magnetic grippers, each suited for different materials and tasks.
- Material removal tools. This category includes drills, grinders and sanders, which help in machining and finishing processes. Robots equipped with these tools can perform deburring, polishing and cutting tasks with high accuracy.
- Material deposition tools. Specialized EoAT enables robots to apply materials such as adhesives, sealants, welds and paint with precision and consistency. These tools are widely used in industries like automotive and aerospace where accurate material application is crucial for product quality and structural integrity. Material deposition tools can include dispensers, extruders and spray applicators, each designed to handle different viscosities and flow rates. Used in robotic welding applications, welding tools include spot welders, arc welders and laser welders, which ensure precision and consistency in metal joining. Designed for spray applications, painting and coating tools enable robots to apply paint, sealants or coatings evenly, improving product quality while reducing waste.
- Vision-guided tools. Some EoATs incorporate cameras and sensors to enhance precision, allowing robots to adjust their movements dynamically based on real-time feedback.
- Custom and multi-functional tools. Depending on the application, EoAT can be customized to perform multiple functions, reducing the need for frequent tool changes and increasing efficiency.
The role of EoAT in automation
The success of a robotic workcell depends on selecting the right EoAT. A well-designed tool ensures precision, efficiency and safety, allowing robots to handle delicate objects, apply consistent force and adapt to different tasks.
Poor EoAT selection can lead to inefficiencies, downtime and potential damage to products or machinery.
This is why engineers must consider factors like payload capacity, speed, material compatibility and environmental conditions when designing or selecting EoAT.
Key considerations for effective EoAT design include:
- Machine interface — The EoAT must seamlessly integrate with the robotic machine to which it is attached while maintaining flexibility for movement, utilities and communication.
- Product interface must account for variability in size, flexibility, surface texture, fragility, porosity, contamination risks and handling points.
- Production rates — Because EoAT design depends on throughput needs, it’s important to consider if the tool will need to handle multiple parts at once, or if a secondary tool will be required.
- Machine learning and programming are critical design aspects because of the EoAT’s spatial relationship with the machine impacts programming complexity and adaptability.
- Machine limitations — Design considerations include payload capacity, combined center of mass, work envelope and available utilities within the facility.
- Safety considerations — The EoAT must adhere to machine safety standards, ensuring reliable and secure operation.
Off-the-shelf vs. custom tooling
For simple pick-and-place applications, off-the-shelf solutions can be effective. However, for handling unique or complex products, custom tooling provides greater flexibility and efficiency.
Experienced system integrators understand how to design and implement custom tooling solutions that address the specific needs of each application. With expertise in robotic automation, they can engineer EoAT to handle challenging materials, irregularly shaped parts or high-speed operations that standard solutions cannot accommodate.
For example, Concept Systems developed a versatile case erector for a customer that required handling a wide range of box sizes and materials while maintaining speed and precision. By incorporating custom tooling, the system achieved consistent performance, reducing jams and increasing overall efficiency. This tailored approach ensures that automation systems are not just functional but optimized for long-term reliability and adaptability.
